Abstract
Biallelic mutations in ERCC6L2 were first reported to cause bone marrow failure (BMF). Additionally, we recently described a strong predisposition to erythroid lineage-restricted acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M6). Today, 31 ERCC6L2-mutated cases have been reported. This study aims to further explore the clinical and molecular features, as well as outcomes, of the ERCC6L2 patients.
By June 2021, we have gathered clinical and genetic characteristics of 46 subjects in 31 families with biallelic germ line ERCC6L2 mutations from Finland (n = 21), France (n = 8), Israel (n = 1), Sweden (n = 4), and referred to a center in the United Kingdom (n = 12). Extension of the data collection from additional countries is ongoing.
According to our data, ERCC6L2-disease often presents first as mild and fluctuating cytopenias with underlying bone marrow (BM) hypoplasia. With increasing age, patients develop clonal hematopoiesis with somatic mutations in TP53, and ultimately myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) leading to a very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia.
The median age of the patients at first referral to a hematologist was 18 years (range 6-65 years old). Characteristic changes in complete blood count (CBC) were mild thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and sometimes macrocytosis. In individual pediatric or adolescent cases, more pronounced pancytopenia has also been noted. Severe BM hypoplasia was detected in many patients despite only mild changes in the CBC indicating that examining the histology of the BM biopsy, in addition to BM aspirate and CBC, is crucial. Also spontaneous, possibly transient, recovery of CBC in a few patients has occurred. All but one patient above 10 years of age, and with data from somatic mutation analysis (n = 17), carried one to four somatic TP53 mutations in their bone marrow. Among the 46 subjects, nine have been diagnosed with MDS and nine with AML (six with The French-American-British subtype M6, erythroleukemia; three with non-specific subtypes). Interestingly, increased reticulin fibrosis in the BM has been identified in at least three out of nine patients with MDS. In the nine patients diagnosed with AML, the median age of the appearance of leukemia was 37 years (range 20-65). Characteristic of TP53-mutated AML, all leukemia patients had complex hematologic karyotype and have deceased, despite intensive therapy, within one year of diagnosis.
Approximately half of the patients with ERCC6L2-disease have been identified in Finland. The great majority of the patients (20/21) carry the same biallelic ERCC6L2 mutation (NM_020207.7) c.1424delT (p.Ile475ThrfsTer36). None of the Finnish families (n = 14) are consanguineous, but according to them, the ancestries reside in North-Eastern Finland indicating a founder effect. A more detailed genealogical analysis is ongoing and we suggest ERCC6L2-disease to be added to the Finnish Disease Heritage as the first cancer predisposition syndrome. Like many of the conditions identified in genetic isolates, ERCC6L2-disease is not restricted to Finland. Thus the current global effort to define the phenotype, as well as further molecular studies, will bring guidance to clinicians for tailoring follow-up and therapies for patients with ERCC6L2-disease. As a novel entity in the field of inherited bone marrow syndromes, we want to increase the awareness of ERCC6L2 -disease and encourage clinics to integrate ERCC6L2 into their germ line testing.
Siitonen: celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; abbvie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen-Cilag: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Brystol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; amgen: Honoraria.
